Thus, we are able to perceive the distance between us and the object that pass us by based on the speed at which they pass. When we travel on a fast moving train, we perceive that objects closer to us pass by faster, while farther objects pass us slowly. size, shape, distance, etc.), so perception of the stimulus may not depend on prior knowledge or past experience. He explained that our environment can sufficiently supply details related to the stimulus (e.g. Learning to Combine Bottom-Up and Top-Down Segmentation - A. Being a strong support of the bottom up processing approach, Gibson argued that perception is not subject to hypotheses rather, perception is a direct, "What you see is what you get" phenomenon. Psychologist E.J Gibson criticized the explanation of Gregory regarding visual illusions as they are merely artificial examples, not images that can be found in a person's normal visual environment. The sight of the flower and all the information about the stimulus are carried from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain. For example, there is a flower at the center of a person's field. Thus, perception can be described as data-driven. In the bottom-up processing approach, perception starts at the sensory input, the stimulus. (Goldstein, 2011) Top-down processing always begins with a person’s previous knowledge, and forecasts due to this already acquired knowledge. When it comes to visual illusions, such as the Necker tube, Gregory believed that the brain may create incorrect hypotheses, leading to several errors of perception. Bottom-up processing is any processing that originates with the incitement of the sensory receptors. This event leads to the creation of a perceptual hypothesis about the stimulus, based on his memory and past experience that may be related to it. In terms of visual perception, Gregory argues that about 90% of visual information is lost by the time it arrives in the brain for processing. For Gregory, perception is all about making the best guess or a hypothesis about what we see. He explained that past experience and prior knowledge related to a stimulus help us make inferences. In 1970, psychologist Richard Gregory stated that perception is a constructive process that depends on top-down processing. The brain may be able to perceive and understand the gist of the paragraph due to the context supplied by the surrounding words. It is easier to understand what the writer wants to convey if you read the whole paragraph rather than reading the words in separate terms. Therefore, higher-level cognitive processes, such as thinking, are considered to be at the top of the sensation and perception process. The purpose of this chapter is to review the conditions under which bottom-up and top-down processing of self-relevant, positive or negative feedback occurs and what ramifications this feedback has on one’s self-concept. For instance, you are presented with a paragraph written with difficult handwriting. Top-down processing is defined as the development of pattern recognition through the use of contextual information.
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